Elizabeth Gaskell and Industrialization Essay Example for Free

Elizabeth Gaskell and Industrialization Essay Two of Elizabeth Gaskell’s novelsâ€North and South and Mary Bartonâ€provide a basic knowledge into the author’s endeavor at examining the issues encompassing industrialization in Victorian England. Aside from the way that the two books include female characters as heroes, they additionally feature the exemplary battle among rich and poor classes even with a developing mechanical society. Without forgetting about the progression of the stories’ plots, Gaskell can fuse the imperative parts of industrialization. In North and South, Elizabeth Gaskell expounds on the battles of the urban regular workers in mechanical England, explicitly in its northern areas, during the nineteenth century rather than the ways of life of the individuals who live in the wealthier south. Since the story is appeared from the point of view of the courageous woman, Margaret Hale, Gaskell can show the opposite side of the generalizations ascribed to ladies during the nineteenth century. Generally, ladies around then were scarcely ready to confront their own conditions and address them all alone. Margaret Hale, in any case, challenges the idea that ladies generally rely upon men just to live. She at first opposes that conviction by dismissing sentimental proposalsâ€a move that shows how she is in charge of her lifeâ€and shows it at its most noteworthy when she tosses her arms around John Thornton with an end goal to shield him from the furious crowd. The last demonstrates that it isn't generally ladies who look for the insurance of men since ladies can likewise secure men even to the detriment of such ladies. As Patsy Stoneman shows in her book Elizabeth Gaskell, â€Å"[Margaret Hale] faces the way that men of all classes are represented, in the open circle, by a manly code,† a code that successfully forestalls the quality of delicacy ascribed to females (Stoneman, p. 86). Margaret’s ability to secure Thornton doesn't just guzzle the idea that ladies are delicate and ought not be hurt. It additionally presents that womenâ€especially the individuals who are viewed as untouchables to mechanical territories, for example, Miltonâ€can likewise figure out how to identify with the individuals who are working under neediness. The episode in the story where the laborers were in a negative mark against Thornton, the neighborhood factory proprietor, likewise underlines that a pariah can identify with the hardships and states of the laborers more than the individuals who are legitimately engaged with the mechanical framework. Another intriguing part of Gaskell’s topical investigation of industrialization in North and South is the manner by which she had the option to rejoin, as they say, the classes considered as perfect inverses. As Dorice Williams Elliott sees in her article: â€Å"the novel bases its case for women’s intervention between classes on a relationship among marriage and class cooperation† (Elliott, p. 25). The nearness of the pariah, Margaret, in the mechanical town makes it feasible for the marriage between the classes to begin. Margaret turned into no not exactly an individual who made ready for the better understanding between the rich and poor separation in spite of the fact that her quality alone didn't totally break down the pervasive divergence. Elliott’s perception that Margaret’s intercession prompted class participation essentially reaffirms the possibility that ‘class cooperation† in itself despite everything presumes contrasts between social classes. In Mary Barton, the differences between the rich and the poor classes take the state of the narrative of a dad who looks to shield his little girl from turning into a fallen lady. Like Margaret Hale in North and South, the story spins around the life and battles of Mary Barton in Victorian England. John Barton, Mary’s father, is a millworker who lost the vast majority of the individuals from his family with the exception of Mary. One intriguing piece of the story is when John shot Henry Carson, the child of a rich plant proprietor. Being somebody who profoundly questions the riches inconsistencies among rich and poorâ€largely in light of the fact that he was â€Å"chairman at numerous a Trade’s Union gathering; a companion of delegates,† somebody who was â€Å"ambitious of being an agent himself† and a â€Å"Chartist† who was â€Å"ready to do anything for his order† (Gaskell, p. 25)â€John’s homicide of Henry represents how the individuals from the poor class here and there develop edgy. The story is bright as in it impeccably subsumes the issues encompassing industrialization in Victorian England into the story of a woman’s mission for adoration. Mary Barton is a great case of how Gaskell adequately expounds on the issues brought about by industrialization in Victorian England without dismissing the story’s plot. Notwithstanding the discussions concerning whether Gaskell’s books truly mirror the genuine idea of the Victorian English society during the beginning of the mechanical period, it ought to be reminded that what her books do is to give an anecdotal record of the issues individuals face when managing individuals from another social class. Susan Morgan composes that â€Å"the rule of probability is an unseemly way to deal with Gaskell’s work† (Morgan, p. 44). For instance, â€Å"it may have all around been far-fetched in Manchester for relations among specialist and business to discover arrangements through individual friendships† (Morgan, p. 44). Whatever reasons there might be with regards to why Gaskell composed as she did, it is sufficient to take note of that North and South and Mary Barton catch the battles of anecdotal characters notwithstanding industrialization. The books might be fiction, best case scenario, yet the situation they suggestsâ€the epic partition among rich and poorâ€remains as genuine today as it once seemed to be. Works Cited Elliott, Dorice Williams. â€Å"The Female Visitor and the Marriage of Classes in Gaskell’s North and South. † Nineteenth-Century Literature 49. 1 (1994): 21-49. Gaskell, Elizabeth Cleghorn. Mary Barton. Ed. Shirley Foster. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. Morgan, Susan. â€Å"Gaskell’s Heroines and the Power of Time. † Pacific Coast Philology 18. 1/2 (1983): 43-51. Stoneman, Patsy. Elizabeth Gaskell. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987.

Barack Obama State of the Union Critique

President Barack Obama State of the Union Address Critique The pioneer of the free world, President Barack Obama, tended to Congress and the kindred residents of the United States of America on the present State of the Union. The President edified America on different issues concerning the economy, instruction, occupations, remote undertakings and that's only the tip of the iceberg. The discourse allowed the evening of January 27th 2010 pulled in more than 48 million watchers at home. Solid perspectives and suppositions were exemplified quickly following the finishing of his location. A survey managed by CBS News delineates that 65% of the (3,968) respondents feel as though the President has achieved far not as much as what they expected inside his first year in office. Another survey taken by CBS recommends that 47% of (3,571) respondents feel that the greatest botch under the Obama organization is the absence of spotlight on making occupations and joblessness. These insights are of extreme significance to the American individuals and it is for this very explanation that I address this specific issue inside this task. As a present senior at the university level, profession openings and employer stability turns out to be even more a huge issue as graduation approaches at a fast pace. As of now, the customary idea of heading off to college and achieving a degree and doing admirably in school doesn't ensure a safe-secure profession. The bearing that this nation has been set out toward the most recent decade has alarmed numerous understudies into believing that, â€Å"If a professional education doesn't cement a great job what will? † This issue expands the development of worry for our country. It didn't take extremely yearn for the President to address the activity quandary that the nation is confronting. Inside 15 minutes of his talk, he noticed that making employments is the concentration for 2010. In concordance with the President, I likewise accept that employments ought to be at the highest point of the plan on the grounds that so as to redo the economy it is basic to get the joblessness rate down. In the event that the joblessness rate stays where it is or deteriorates by expanding, Americans will keep on searching for approaches to reduce spending. Because of the absence of employments being made and dread of occupation misfortune, we, the individuals, are right now anxious and experience difficulty concluding whether to contribute or spare. With the expansion of new openings, our confidence will fortify and certainty will develop inside us to do both and that is the thing that needs to occur all together for the economy to recover legs and get the nation running as it should. Later in his discourse the President proceeds to take note of that the motor of the American economy has been and will consistently be that of private ventures. In a valiant endeavor to spike employing, the president required the disposal of capital additions burdens on independent venture speculation and assessment credits for new recruiting and interests in new hardware. He likewise expresses that, â€Å"It’s time to at last slice the tax cuts for organizations that transport our employments abroad, and give those tax reductions to organizations that make occupations directly here in the United States of America. † With this arrangement, the President has required an end for tax cuts for organizations that transport our occupations abroad however to assist subsidize with burdening cuts that prize organizations for putting and making employments in the United States. In addition, the President future bolstered his thought to make new openings in America by referencing that the legislature will put $8 billion into a fast train framework which will begin development in Florida in the not so distant future. He expresses that this endeavor to have the quickest most-solid train framework will design more than 2 million extra employments for Americans. In another endeavor to diminish the joblessness rate he makes reference to that the United States will expand our exportation of products to different nations around the globe by multiplying our number of fares now throughout the following five years. He proceeds by saying that to meet this objective, Congress will dispatch a National Export Initiative that will support ranchers and private companies increment their fares and extend their business sectors. This will permit different nations to decide on our country merchandise which imply that expanding the creation of products inside the United States will make increments in income and openings for work. The President likewise approached the Senate to pass an employments charge that he can sign. Expressing thatâ€Å"The House has passed an occupations bill†¦. As the primary request of business this year, I encourage the Senate to do likewise, and I realize they will. Individuals are jobless. They are harming. They need our assistance. Furthermore, I need an employments bill around my work area immediately. † The striking and troublesome advances the President took to balance out the monetary framework have diminished the expense of Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) by over $200 billion, giving extra assets to work creation and for shortage decrease. Inside the stepping stool segment of 2009, the President illustrated a bundle of focused measures to help further invigorate private segment employing, including measures to encourage independent company development, green occupations and foundation. Encouraging for help of the Republicans, the President orders that it is the ideal opportunity for solid enactment to be passed for the benefit of the Senate. Out of the significant activities introduced by President Barack Obama I imagine that there is definitely not a significant requirement for a fast train framework starting at this moment, I do accept that a definitive decent would be the formation of 2 million employments as a result of it. Other than this minor answer, I wholeheartedly concur with lion's share of the various thoughts and ideas that the President proposed regarding occupations during his the State of the Union Address. Likewise, I additionally have full faith in the way that this nation will emerge from monetary debasement and come back to being the country of unrivaled force and money related steadiness. Marcques D. Aghedo February 09, 2010 History and Theories of Leadership 201 Dr. Savage Morehouse College

Understanding and Managing Service Level Agreements

Understanding and Managing Service Level Agreements Not many people know what a Service Level Agreement actually is but as the name implies, it formally defines a service provided by a supplier along with a detailed description of various aspects like responsibilities, quality, and scope that go into providing this service. An SLA also serves as a contract between the service provider and the customer related to on-going enhancements, inventory restocking, and on-going payments.Now you may wonder why preparing and having a Service Level Agreement is even necessary in the first place, so here is why. An SLA works to protect both parties involved in the contract, the service provider and the customer where future work is concerned. Service Level Agreements are thought for service based businesses and are applicable to a variety of businesses involving custom built software systems, vehicles, appliances and products stocked on shelves. But what is even more interesting to note is that SLAs are also used by attorneys, doctors and insuranc e companies.That is not all; SLAs have become more popular nowadays as more and more telecommunication companies and internet service providers have started preparing Service Level Agreements in more nonprofessional terms. For instance, SLAs offered by internet service providers or telecommunication companies may focus on specifics like MTTR (Mean Time to Recover or Repair) or MTBF (Mean Time between Failures) and different rates of data. © Shutterstock.com | Ralf KleemannIn this article, we will help you understand what an SLA actually is and how it works. You will also learn 1) the different types of Service Level Agreements that are applicable to different types of businesses, 2) the key elements of a service level agreement, 3) SLA management 101, 4) process of SLA, and 5) some  examples.DIFFERENT TYPES OF SERVICE LEVEL AGREEMENTSService Level Agreements can be defined at different levels and thus build three major types of SLAs explained below:Customer Based SLA: A customer based SLA can be best defined as a contract or agreement with an individual group of customers which contains details regarding all the services they use. An example of this type of SLA is an agreement between an IT services provider and the finance department of a multinational company for services provided like procurement system, payroll system, billing, and finance system.Service Based SLA: Service based SLA is a contract between customer s using various services offered by the service provider. For instance, a car service station may offer routine car maintenance services of a certain level along with the universal charging process. A telecommunication company, on the other hand, may offer a routine service to its customers while offering a certain part of maintenance as part of the offer with universal charges.Multilevel SLA: The Multilevel SLA is divided into three parts â€" corporate level, customer level, and service level that address three different types of customers for the same services being offered by the company, within the same SLA.In the corporate level SLA, all service level management issues are addressed in detail appropriate to all customers using the service. These issues remain the same over time and are hardly subject to change which is why it does not need to be updated religiously from time to time.A customer level SLA, on the other hand, focuses on all the SLM (service level management) issue s from a particular group of customers regardless of the type of services being used.The service level SLA covers various SLM issues related to the specific services being offered by the organization while keeping in mind a specific group of customers.KEY ELEMENTS OF A SERVICE LEVEL AGREEMENTJust like any other document, a Service Level Agreement is also created in line with some important key elements that are discussed in detail below.1) Description of Services in DetailThe first key element of the SLA is a detailed description of each and every service provided by the organization along with the amount of time the service is available for use. Service availability can easily be measured by the time slot. For instance, a website that makes millions of dollars an hour would require a 99.99% percent uptime during e-commerce hours.Defining the right metrics is just as important because it helps the organization attain a reasonable performance level. You can set a proper baseline as f ar as the metrics are concerned from time to time by revisiting and readjusting the settings at a future date.In short, the main objective of giving a detailed description in the SLA is to identify the scope of all the services in terms of the processes, functions, activities, and projects.2) Service StandardsService standards refer to the technical quality in outsourced development. Measurement of technical quality is usually done by using commercial analysis tools which give a clear cut result related to coding defects and program size.Performance identification of results and outputs expected by the customers from the arrangements also come under service standards and form an important part of the SLA.3) DurationIt is important that you clearly mention when the agreement begins and ends. The start date of your agreement will enable you to track the IT performance starting from that date and onwards.You must also take notice on when the agreement ends since you will have to negoti ate equipment leases and maintenance contracts on behalf of your customers when you enter in a long-term agreement with other service providers. For instance, if you offer a lease for all the equipment provided to a customer valid for 18 months, you may be able to keep your costs low. But this has a downside too; the customer will no longer be obliged to make payments if the lease ends within 12 months and you will have to resort to another option to fund the equipment lease.4) Roles and ResponsibilitiesManaging the expectations of your customers in IT-based service businesses is not easy, and this may turn into a major problem if the roles and responsibilities of both parties are not clearified in the agreement. It is important for you to understand that both, the customers, and the organizations have duties and responsibilities to each other that must be defined properly.Most responsibilities that you will chart out for your customers will vary according to the type of Corporate I T strategy your organization uses. For example, if you want to keep the costs running low, you may stress the importance of self-service or direct access instead of providing high-tech support 24/7.Under the roles and responsibilities section, it is also critical that you chart down all the basic requirements that the customers must fulfill; particular PC software purchases and installations. You must also specify that customers must report issues to the organization as soon as they encounter the problem and not days later. This will keep your performance running high, and the customers satisfied with the level of service they receive.5) The Customer RepresentativeA customer representative is the person who represents all of your customers when it comes to discussing and negotiating the delivery of IT services. Also, the customer representative is responsible for communicating all the information drafted in the service-level agreement to the customer they represent.When selecting a customer representative, remember that it is important to pick the right individual who belongs to the mid-level of the organization such as a director in place of a senior officer or vice president because he will have more sound knowledge regarding the business unit’s strategy as compared to anyone else and will be able to understand the concerns his employees may have regarding the IT services provided.6) Service Level ManagersThe Service Level Manager is the one who shoulders the responsibility of managing the IT service level. He or she will have to report to the IT department of the organization as well as the IT customer. The Service Level Manager is also responsible for maintaining, negotiating and reporting against the SLA with the customers.He or she may also have to meet up with the customers from time to time to discuss the performance or any other service concerns if they arise at any point in time.7) Evaluation CriteriaIn order to determine how well the IT department is doing as far as the performance is concerned, it is important to have some evaluation criteria. Think twice when you select evaluation metrics with your customer representative because you will have to deliver the exact level of service as mentioned in the SLA. Make sure you have all the right tools needed to track what your customer wants before agreeing on the measurement.One of the mutual benefits of having an SLA is that you and your customer both, will have a fair say when it comes to determining the kind of service they are receiving. Also, having the right objective measurements will eliminate all guesswork and save time and energy too. It is also important for you to understand that your customers may not be satisfied with the level of service provided to them even if you meet all the objectives defined in the SLA.In order to keep your staff from feeling de-motivated in such a situation, it is important to select the right metrics that are meaningful to the IT service le vel from your customer’s point of view instead of the organization. You may also have to add specific measurement metrics in line with the unique environment and scope of the business. Take a look at some of the important measures for evaluating the performance of customer service.Abandonment rate refers to the percentage of calls dropped or abandoned while waiting to be answered.The average time it usually takes for a customer’s call to be answered by the service desk is called ASA (Average Speed to Answer). The measurement time is usually measured in seconds.Time Service Factor also known as TSF is the percentage calculation of calls answered within any given timeframe.A percentage of incoming calls that are resolved without a need for any follow-up calls is called First Call Resolution (FCR).The calculation of the time taken to complete a specific task is called Turnaround Time (TAT).Similar metrics are used to measure hosting performance:A common metric often used for measur ing the overall performance of data services like virtual private servers, dedicated servers and shared hosting is Uptime.Mean Time to Recover (MTTR) is used for calculating the average time it takes to recover after a service outage.Defect rate is the measure of errors in major deliverables. Missed deadlines, incomplete backup, and restoration, coded errors and rework are all measured by calculating the defect rate.In outsourced application development, technical quality refers to the measurement of technical quality in terms of coding defects and program size.Application and network security breaches can cost you big-time in these hyper-regulated times. You can measure controllable security metrics like patching and antivirus updates to prevent the chances of a mishap.SLA MANAGEMENT 101 SERVICE LEVEL DEFINITIONAn organization cannot have clear goals without having a service level definition and management. Here are the 6 important steps involved in building and supporting a servi ce level model.Step 1. Analyze Technical Goals and ConstraintsThe ideal method to come up with realistic and sustainable technical goals is to think of the various requirements and technical goals that could improve the level of service over time. Technical goals usually include throughput, delay, jitter, availability levels, scalability, response time, new application introductions, security, new feature introductions, and cost.Once all the technical goals are penned down, it is time to look at the constraints and risks involved in achieving the technical goal. Risks and constraints can be categorized mainly in three categories â€" life cycle practices, current traffic load or application behavior, and network technology, configuration, and resiliency.Step 2. Determine the Availability BudgetThe expected theoretical availability of the network between two defined points is called an availability budget. You can determine the overall availability budget by multiplying the availabili ty for these areas:Hardware availabilitySoftware availabilityEnvironmental and Power AvailabilityLink or Carrier FailureNetwork DesignUser Error and ProcessStep 3. Create Application ProfilesCreating an application profile makes it easier for the networking organization to understand and define service level requirements and the network services provided by the organization overall. It also serves as a documented baseline for the network service support and aligns network service goals with the business requirements.Step 4. Define Availability and Performance StandardsThe service expectations for an organization are set by keeping in line with availability and performance standards. These can be determined for different areas of a specific application or network. Now there are several ways you can measure the performance of the service in terms of throughput, overall scalability, and jitter, round-trip delay, and bandwidth commitments.The organization must further define each of the service standards so that IT groups and customers can have a clear understanding of the level of service being provided to them.Step 5. Define Network ServiceThe last step towards basic service level management is defining network service. Network service defines all the proactive and reactive network processes and network management capabilities that can be implemented to achieve service level goals. The network service definition is included in the last document of the agreement called an operations support plan.The operations support plan must include these three key aspects:Full description of the reactive and proactive processes used to achieve service level goalsManagement of the service processMeasurement of service level goals and service processesStep 6. Collect Metrics and Monitoring the Service Level DefinitionA service level definition on its own is completely useless if the organization fails to collect the metrics and monitor the performance of service being provided to the customers. When preparing a service level agreement, ensure that a proper definition is given as to how the service level will be measured and reported.PROCESS FOR SLAsStep 1. Meet Prerequisites for SLAsExperts believe that there are a few prerequisites that the organization must meet in order to come up with a spot on the service level agreement. Here are a few prerequisites you may want to consider.The organization must have a service oriented cultureAll IT activities must be driven by customer/business initiativesThe organization must fully commit to the SLA process and contractStep 2. Determine the Parties Involved In the SLAYou must choose wisely when it comes to choosing that parties must be involved in the SLA so that it serves as a platform for coming up with new service level goals. Some of the possible goals are:Create and meet reactive support business objectivesProvide the top level availability by clearly defining proactive SLAsPromote or sell a serviceStep 3. De termine Service ElementsTypical service level agreements usually have many different components including support level, how it will be measured along with overall budget concerns and escalation path for SLA reconciliation. Having proactive service definitions and reactive goals are a must for high availability environments. Some of them are listed below.Onsite support business hours and procedures for off-support timingsPriority definitions like the type of problem, maximum time for solving the problem and escalation processesProducts and services that are to be supported and ranked in order of business criticalitySupport level issues pertaining to geographic and business unitsGoals for improving help desk serviceNetwork error detection and service responseFunding the implemented SLAProcedures for conflict resolutionMeasurement of network availability and reportingStep 4. Define the SLA Required For Each GroupPrimary support service level agreements must include functional group re presentation, critical business units, server operations, networking operations and application support groups. Such groups are usually on business needs as well as the roles they play in the support process.Step 5. Negotiate the SLAThe last step of creating an SLA is final negotiation and sign off. SLA negotiation is further split up into the following steps.Review of the draftNegotiation of the contentsEdit and revise the documentObtain the final approvalStep 6. Measure and Monitor SLA ConformanceTo ensure long-term consistency and results, measuring SLA conformance and reporting results becomes an important aspect that one must pay due attention to. It is recommended that all major components of the SLA must be measurable, and a measurement method should be put in place prior to implementing the SLA. Problems can then be solved by holding meetings with the customers quarterly or as and when problems arise.EXAMPLES OF SLABackbone internet providers usually create and state their s ervice level agreement on their official website.A WSLA or Web Service Level Agreement is usually put in place so as to monitor web services. Authors also get a chance to specify their performance metrics associated with a web service application.Cloud computing services also provide a service based agreement instead of a customer based agreement. It contains important details such as measuring, monitoring and reporting related to the cloud’s performance.You may not have known much about service level agreements before but now that you have read this article, we hope you are able to understand what an SLA actually is, how it works and best SLA practices that are followed by top IT companies in the world.

Definition and Examples of Word Boundaries

In writing, word boundaries are conventionally represented by spaces between words. In speech, word boundaries are determined in various ways, as discussed below. Related Grammatical and Rhetorical Terms Assimilation and DissimilationConceptual MeaningConnected SpeechIntonationMetanalysisMondegreenMorpheme and PhonemeOronymsPausePhonetics and PhonologyPhonological WordProsodySegment and SuprasegmentalSlip of the EarSound Change Examples of Word Boundaries When I was very young, my mother scolded me for flatulating by saying, Johnny, who made an odor? I misheard her euphemism as who made a motor? For days I ran around the house amusing myself with those delicious words. (John B. Lee, Building Bicycles in the Dark: A Practical Guide on How to Write. Black Moss Press, 2001I could have sworn I heard on the news that the Chinese were producing new trombones. No, it was neutron bombs. (Doug Stone, quoted by Rosemarie Jarski in Dim Wit: The Funniest, Stupidest Things Ever Said. Ebury, 2008As far as input processing is concerned, we may also recognize slips of the ear, as when we start to hear a particular sequence and then realize that we have misperceived it in some way; e.g. perceiving the ambulance at the start of the yam balanced delicately on the top . . ..  (Michael Garman, Psycholinguistics. Cambridge University Press, 2000 Word Recognition The usual criterion for word recognition is that suggested by the linguist Leonard Bloomfield, who defined a word as a minimal free form. . . .The concept of a word as a minimal free form suggests two important things about words. First, their ability to stand on their own as isolates. This is reflected in the space which surrounds a word in its orthographical form. And secondly, their internal integrity, or cohesion, as units. If we move a word around in a sentence, whether spoken or written, we have to move the whole word or none of it--we cannot move part of a word.(Geoffrey Finch, Linguistic Terms, and Concepts. Palgrave Macmillan, 2000)[T]he great majority of English nouns begins with a stressed syllable. Listeners use this expectation about the structure of English and partition the continuous speech stream employing stressed syllables.(Z.S. Bond, Slips of the Ear. The Handbook of Speech Perception, ed. by David Pisoni and Robert Remez. Wiley-Blackwell, 2005) Tests of Word Identification Potential pause: Say a sentence out loud, and ask someone to repeat it very slowly, with pauses. The pauses will tend to fall between words, and not within words. For example, the / three / little / pigs / went / to / market. . . .Indivisibility:  Say a sentence out loud, and ask someone to add extra words to it. The extra item will be added between the words and not within them. For example, the pig went to market might become the big pig once went straight to the market. . . .Phonetic boundaries:  It is sometimes possible to tell from the sound of a word where it begins or ends. In Welsh, for example, long words generally have their stress on the penultimate syllable . . .. But there are many exceptions to such rules.Semantic units:  In the sentence Dog bites vicar, there are plainly three units of meaning, and each unit corresponds to a word. But language is often not as neat as this. In I switched on the light, the has little clear meaning, and the single action of switchin g on involves two words.​(Adapted from The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language, 3rd ed., by David Crystal. Cambridge University Press, 2010) Explicit Segmentation [E]xperiments in English have suggested that listeners segment speech at strong syllable onsets. For example, finding a real word in a spoken nonsense sequence is hard if the word is spread over two strong syllables (e.g., mint in [mÇ€ntef]) but easier if the word is spread over a strong and a following weak syllable (e.g., mint in [mÇ€ntÉ™f]; Cutler Norris, 1988).The proposed explanation for this is that listeners divide the former sequence at the onset of the second strong syllable, so that detecting the embedded word requires recombination of speech material across a segmentation point, while the latter sequence offers no such obstacles to embedded word detection as the non-initial syllable is weak and so the sequence is simply not divided.Similarly, when English speakers make slips of the ear that involve mistakes in word boundary placement, they tend most often to insert boundaries before strong syllables (e.g., hearing by loose analogy as by Luce and Allergy) or delet e boundaries before weak syllables (e.g., hearing how big is it? as how bigoted?; Cutler Butterfield, 1992).These findings prompted the proposal of the Metrical Segmentation Strategy for English (Cutler Norris, 1988; Cutler, 1990), whereby listeners are assumed to segment speech at strong syllable onsets because they operate on the assumption, justified by distributional patterns in the input, that strong syllables are highly likely to signal the onset of lexical words. . . .Explicit segmentation has the strong theoretical advantage that it offers a solution to the word boundary problem both for the adult and for the infant listener. . . .Together these strands of evidence motivate the claim that the explicit segmentation procedures used by adult listeners may in fact have their origin in the infants exploitation ofrhythmic structure to solve the initial word boundary problem.​(Anne Cutler, Prosody and the Word Boundary Problem. Signal to Syntax: Bootstrapping from Speech t o Grammar in Early Acquisition, ed. by James L. Morgan and Katherine Demuth. Lawrence Erlbaum, 1996)

Essay about In Defense of Direct Perception - 2954 Words

In Defense of Direct Perception ABSTRACT: My goal in this paper is to defend the claim that one can directly perceive an object without possessing any descriptive beliefs about this object. My strategy in defending this claim is to rebut three arguments that attack my view of direct perception. According to these arguments, the notion of direct perception as I construe it is objectionable since: (1) it is epistemically worthless since it leaves perceived objects uninterpreted; (2) it cannot explain how perceived objects are identified; and (3) it is ill-prepared to assign objective content to perceptual states. What is involved in the claim that one directly perceives an object? The notion of direct perception that I propose to†¦show more content†¦Clearly, this is a form of what many people would call indirect perception. It includes such cases as perceiving something on the basis of, or by means of, perceiving something else. And, I submit, if this is what it means for a belief to mediate ones perception of an object, it follows that there are, in fact, such things as direct perceptions, and that the object of a direct perception is an undescribed object. For, to begin with, any chain of inferences has to start somewhere; and, eventually, there has to be a belief, state of mind, or state of the world, of which one is aware, without ones having been aware of some other belief, state of mind, or state of the world beforehand. Such a belief, state of mind, or state of the world is directly, that is, noninferentially, perceived. Furthermore, suppose that the object of a direct (noninferential) perception is a described object. Since, once again, any description of an object is expressed as a belief, and since we are assuming here that the way for a belief to mediate ones perception of an object is by means of an inference, this means that the belief expressing the description is playing an inferential role in perceiving the object—which contradicts our assumption that the object of perception is uninferred. And so, by reductio, the object of a directShow MoreRelatedEdward Luttwak s Analysis On Military Force, Military Power, Policy, And Deterrence Essay1355 Words   |  6 Pagesdescribes military power as the perception of a state’s capability to impose unacceptable consequences on other actors, enabling the state to gain compliance without the actual use of force. This definition recognizes that the ability to use force is essential to create the perception of power. However, since power allows a state to gain compliance without using force, it does not consume resources the way direct military action would. 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What is NATO for Free Essays

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is some 1949 alliance involving 26 North America and Europe nations. It objectives are to protect the se4curity and freedom of member states though military and political means. NATO is the principal security association within Europe. We will write a custom essay sample on What is NATO for? or any similar topic only for you Order Now The alliance helps shield allies have modernized their shared strategic theory, upheld NATO’s amalgamated military organization, and carry on conducting mutual military scheduling, exercises and training. The allies have generated fresh fora and policies for boosting dialogue with previously communist nations of eastern and central Europe. Most importantly, NATO has had a major contribution in the enforcement of UN Security Council deliberations within what was once called Yugoslavia (Kaplan, 2004, 22). NATO has some significant function in controlling and containing militarized disputes within eastern and central Europe. It even strives to evade such conflicts by vigorously encouraging stability in what was once the Soviet community. NATO aided in stabilizing Western Europe, the states of which were formerly usually bitter enemies. Through solving the dilemma regarding security as well as offering some institutional system for building of shared security strategies, the alliance has had a contribution in rendering utilization of forceful modes as regards the relationships of the nations within such a region almost inconceivable (Duffeld, 1995). NATO persists in the enhancement of member country security with regard to external hazards through a number of methods. Firstly, NATO upholds the tactical balance within Europe by counterbalancing the lingering danger emanating from the Russian military strength. Secondly, is assists to tackle emerging fresh dangers, encompassing the intricate dangers that could result from the disputes among and within the nations of eastern and central Europe. Thirdly, it obstructs such dangers from occurring by working towards nurturing stability within what was once the soviet community (Churchill, 2006). Western European countries strive to uphold some counterbalance to former Soviet Union’s residual armed forces power, particularly the nuclear ability of Russia. Another post-cold war function of NATO is shielding of member states from an assortment of freshly emerging dangers. More focus has been directed to potential perils emanating out of Middle East and North Africa, partly due to the proliferation of expertise for developing missiles as well as weapons of mass destruction within such areas. The most prominent among fresh external dangers are however, territorial, ethnic as well as national disputes among and within the eastern and central European nations. These disputes are able to produce many immigrants or as well overflow into neighboring nations’ territories, NATO member states included. In the most extreme of cases, outside nations could sense the compulsion to get involved, thus stoking broadening of enmity, as happened at the start of World War II. Despite the fact that NATO has not been able to terminate such conflicts so far, the alliance assists in tackling the issues emanating from the disputes through a number of modes. Firstly, NATO shield member nations from probable overflow of armed forces hostilities. Although none of NATO member nations has ever received serious threats in such a way, the alliance’s extensive experience in arranging member nation defenses ensures NATO is adequately ready to handle such emergencies (Sandler, Hartley, 1999, 16). NATO as well assists other nations to avoid being inducted into such conflicts. NATO’s existence assures member nations located near such a zone that they will receive assistance in tackling nearby conflicts in the event that such conflicts shoot up and overflow, thus minimizing the motivation to unilaterally get involved. Instead, the presence of NATO assists in ensuring that military participation of western nations in these disputes, if at all it happens, is consensual and collective. The likelihood of some quick, coordinated response from NATO could deter other nations from interfering (http://www. nato. int/docu/speech/2003/s031103a. htm). NATO in 1992 reached a consensus to avail NATO property in the support of peacekeeping actions sanctioned by the United Nations (UN) Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE). At the beginning of 1994, NATO as well endorsed the construction of some mechanism named Combined Joint Task Forces (C JTF) which would allow member coalitions (coalitions of the willing) to utilize shared alliance possessions for particular actions outside the accord zone. Most spectacularly, NATO has acquired vital experience in what was once Yugoslavia. NATO personnel have imposed the Adriatic maritime barricade as well as a no-fly region over Bosnia. NATO as well offered defensive air authority for United Nations ground forces. They utilized the warning of air ambushes to secure seclusion regions for serious arms around the united nations-selected safe Gorazde zone and Sarajevo. Pursuant to the disintegration of socialism, numerous former soviet community nations have embarked on aggressive economic and political reforms. Europe has substantial stakes in such efforts because failure may result to mass migrations, Domestic strife, armed disputes and direct dangers to surrounding NATO member states as well. NATO encourages stability within the previous soviet community through 2 ways. Firstly, the alliance directly nurtures political restructuring success within the area. Starting in 1990, the alliance has initiated a broad spectrum of institutions and programs for consultation regarding security concerns, most conspicuously the Partnership for Peace (PfP) and the North Atlantic Cooperation Council (NACC). NATO may utilize such initiatives to aid the young regimes to restructure their security structures, planning procedures and policies (Greenwood, 1993). Such fresh arrangements may particularly strengthen democratic management of the military as well as reverence for civilian power through inducting eastern and central European heads to western civil-military associations’ models. Secondly, the alliance boosts eastern and central European security though reassuring such nations that they will be assisted in case they receive outside threats. This helps such states to abandon possibly destabilizing activities as well as to follow their aggressive domestic restructuring agendas with more confidence. Starting from 1990, NATO’S North Atlantic Council has constantly issued candid oral statements of awareness as happened during 1991’s soviet coup d’etat attempt. The NACC permits states in the former Soviet Union to state their issues as well as discuss varied issues regularly as they engage their counterparts in NATO as identical partners. The freshly approved PfP provides every member official dialogue with NATO, in the vent that such a member perceives some direct danger to their security, as well as solid military liaisons with NATO member states through contribution to several military operations and activities (http://www. ato. int/docu/speech/2003/s031103a. htm). Since its formative years, NATO has significantly worked towards normalizing relationships among member states. Extremely important among NATO’s intra-alliance roles is reassurance. NATO’s existence assures member states that they should not fear each other. The alliance minimizes th e likelihood of disputes among western European member states in 3 ways including: increasing stability; tying the US to Europe so as to guarantee the upholding of the equilibrium of authority within the area; and inhibiting re-nationalization of such nation’s security strategies. A significant likely cause of conflict between nations is misunderstanding and misperception among nations. Without reliable and detailed data, policy makers could overstate the offensive armed capacities of other nations or misconstrue foreign objectives, usually regarding them as being more antagonistic that they are in the actual sense. They as well are inclined to overlooking the safety issues their own activities could arouse abroad (Kaplan, 2004, 41). Therefore, international relationships are usually characterized by mistrust and suspicion. NATO assists in avoiding the mergence of such damaging dynamics; it instead encourages mutual self-assurance though facilitating elevated intra-alliance honesty. Contribution to NATO’s force strategizing procedure requires member states to share detailed data regarding their armed forces, defense financial statements as well as future strategies. Owing to this institutionalized transparency, member states only hide a few secret from their counterparts, and they possess minimal motivations to do likewise. NATO also nurtures reassurance for member states through undertaking integration of members’ security strategies. To different but normally significant extents, Nations formulate as well as implement their defense strategies jointly as members of NATO as opposed to on exclusively state basis. Such security strategy denationalization neutralizes the usual competition and enmity for military supremacy that could otherwise happen amongst the key European big shots, it also assists to prevent any usage of armed forces posturing to attain political clout in Europe (Churchill, 2006). In case re-nationalization happens, this could result to issues regarding internal inequities within Western Europe as well as arouse fresh competition, conflict and mistrust. NATO encourages security strategy denationalization in a number of ways. NATO’S consultative arms, force scheduling procedures as well as integrated armed systems assist to develop a shared identity amongst member states. Frequent and comprehensive dialogue results to an elevated level of common understanding. Cooperative force scheduling assists reshape member states armed forces posture in order to reflect NATO-wide, as opposed to, national concerns. Also, assignments to NATO’s military associations and civilian officialdoms socialize military personnel and state officials into some shared NATO customs. Additionally contribution to NATO’s combined military system fosters minimized military independence among member states, particularly within central Europe; because it permits members relinquish or at the minimum deemphasize several components vital for an autonomous military capacity. Numerous European nations, For instance, rely heavily upon the alliance’s multinational space early caution force as well as its combined air protection structures. Small as well as big nations have given up their capability to undertake particular missions, like the sweeping of mines and air surveillance, with the intention of husbanding security resources, after having known that counterpart allies could undertake such missions (Duffeld, 1995). International integration develops a measure of shared control through increasing the extent of joint contribution to operational and organization planning. Therefore, the persistent existence of the multinational military system imposes restraints upon the capability of numerous member states to utilize their armed personnel for purely state objectives, at any rate on the short-to-medium period, as well as assures members regarding the shared objective of their armed might. Without NATO, the likelihood of one nation’s forces raising alarm within another nation would be greater (http://www. direct. gov. uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/UKgovernment/TheUKandtheworld/DG_073420). NATO member states regard maintenance of the alliance to be mutually advantageous to them, since it carries on the performance of a number of essential security roles, both internal and external, including incorporation of Canada and the United States into European defense matters. NATO has as well adapted impressively to the dynamic European defense environment, positive example being the experience in Bosnia. Whereas the joint defense of NATO territory is the core function of the NATO alliance, the fresh NATO, through widening its key role to incorporate peacekeeping and crisis handling as well as encouraging cooperation and partnership, including some strategic association with Moscow, has emerged to be the backbone of some European joint defense regime (Sandler, Hartley, 1999, 67). How to cite What is NATO for?, Papers

The Man in the High Castle Review Essay Example

The Man in the High Castle Review Paper Essay on The Man in the High Castle Write about Dicks books seriously first, because it is written, rewritten about him a lot, and for the most part is nonsense and obscurantism, and secondly, because these books to me personally are difficult to describe you need to read, to feel the . But, nevertheless, any Dick text deserves to be recommended, especially to fans of science fiction, and especially fans of all psevdofantasticheskoy cud domestic production roughly speaking, reduce a brain. Although through the demolition of the roof. The Man in the High Castle roofs are not blowing away, because it is written in the genre of alternative history, where not much to play with time and embedded reality that very often in other texts of the author. Dick comes from the fact that during world war II defeated Germany and Japan, and what came of it all over the world (in Russia a solid concentration camp in Africa killing all life) and, of course, in America . In addition to the rather slender logical and historical constructions, personally I am very interested pokazalis . S two points We will write a custom essay sample on The Man in the High Castle Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Man in the High Castle Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Man in the High Castle Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The first what Dick wrote about the adaptability of people to the new order, totally for them (and this is evident from the novel) unnatural. But, nevertheless, they live, work, love The second -. This is what I would say, tricks, Dick novel ends. The idea is briefly as follows: in fact, the whole as described in the three hundred pages of the German-Japanese national-fascist nightmare with elements of unbridled capitalism and protracted forever Holocaust is unrealistic. And only exists in peoples minds. And in order to get to our normal branch of history, with a much more pleasant reality, it is enough just to believe and you say -. The Matrix. The novel, by the way, was written in 1962.